Guide To Understanding Healthcare Policy Terms And Jargon

Are you feeling overwhelmed and confused by the complex world of healthcare policy? If so, you’re not alone. Navigating through the intricacies of this field can be challenging, especially when you encounter unfamiliar terms and jargon. But fear not! In this comprehensive guide, we will break down the most commonly used healthcare policy terms and jargon, making it easier for you to understand and stay informed. From deductibles and copayments to pre-existing conditions and Medicaid, we’ve got you covered. So, let’s embark on this journey of demystifying healthcare policy and empower ourselves with knowledge!

Table of Contents

1. Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Definition of Affordable Care Act (ACA)

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare, is a comprehensive healthcare reform law passed in 2010. Its primary goal is to increase the affordability and accessibility of health insurance coverage for individuals and families in the United States. The ACA includes various provisions that aim to regulate and improve the healthcare system, with a focus on expanding insurance coverage, enhancing quality of care, and reducing healthcare costs.

Key provisions of the ACA

The ACA includes several key provisions that have had a significant impact on the healthcare landscape. One of the most notable provisions is the requirement for individuals to have health insurance, also known as the individual mandate. This provision aims to ensure that a large pool of healthy individuals is included in the insurance market to balance out the costs of covering those with pre-existing conditions.

Another crucial provision is the establishment of Health Insurance Marketplaces, also called Exchanges. These are online platforms where individuals and small businesses can compare and purchase health insurance plans. The Marketplaces offer a range of options, including different levels of coverage and varying costs, to cater to the diverse needs and budgets of consumers.

In addition, the ACA expanded Medicaid, a government program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals and families. The expansion increased the income threshold for eligibility, allowing more people to qualify for Medicaid coverage. This provision aimed to reduce the number of uninsured individuals and provide access to affordable healthcare services for those who may not have been able to afford private insurance.

Implications and controversies surrounding the ACA

The ACA has had both positive and negative implications since its implementation. On the positive side, millions of previously uninsured individuals have gained access to affordable health insurance coverage through the Marketplaces or expanded Medicaid. This has improved their ability to seek timely and necessary medical care, ultimately leading to better health outcomes.

However, the ACA has also faced controversy and criticism. One major point of contention is the individual mandate, which requires individuals who do not have coverage to pay a penalty. Critics argue that this infringes upon personal freedom and places an undue burden on those who cannot afford insurance. In response to such criticism, the individual mandate was repealed in 2017, although other provisions of the ACA remain in place.

Some opponents of the ACA also argue that it has led to increased healthcare costs, especially for individuals who do not qualify for subsidies or face higher premiums due to regulations imposed by the law. Additionally, there have been concerns about limited choices and options in certain insurance markets, particularly in rural areas, which can impact access to care.

Overall, the ACA has significantly shaped the healthcare landscape in the United States and remains a topic of ongoing debate and discussion.

2. Health Insurance Marketplace

Explanation of Health Insurance Marketplace

The Health Insurance Marketplace, also known as the Exchange, is an online platform where individuals and small businesses can shop for and purchase health insurance plans. These Marketplaces were established as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to provide a centralized and transparent way for consumers to compare different insurance options and find coverage that suits their needs and budget.

Each state has its own Marketplace, and individuals can access it through a website or by phone. The Marketplaces offer a range of insurance plans from different insurance companies, all of which must meet certain requirements set by the ACA. The plans are categorized into different levels of coverage, such as Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum, with varying costs and benefits.

How to access the Marketplace

Accessing the Health Insurance Marketplace is a relatively straightforward process. Individuals can visit their state’s Marketplace website or call the toll-free phone number provided to access enrollment information and apply for coverage.

To apply for health insurance through the Marketplace, you will need to provide personal information, including details about your household size, income, and any current health coverage. This information will help determine your eligibility for subsidies or other financial assistance programs that can make health insurance more affordable.

Once you have completed the application process, the Marketplace will present you with a variety of health insurance plans that are available in your area. You can compare the costs, benefits, and networks of different plans to find the one that best meets your needs and budget.

Benefits and limitations of using the Marketplace

The Health Insurance Marketplace offers several benefits for individuals and small businesses seeking health insurance coverage. One of the main advantages is the ability to compare multiple insurance plans side by side, allowing individuals to make informed decisions about their coverage options. The Marketplace provides standardized information about each plan’s benefits, costs, and network of healthcare providers, making it easier to understand and compare different options.

Additionally, the Marketplace offers financial assistance in the form of premium tax credits and cost-sharing reductions for individuals and families who meet certain income requirements. These subsidies can significantly reduce the cost of health insurance premiums, making coverage more affordable for many individuals.

However, there are also limitations to using the Marketplace. First, the availability of insurance plans may vary depending on the state and region, which can limit choices in certain areas. Some individuals may find that the plans in their area do not meet their specific needs or preferences.

See also  Navigating Healthcare Policy Changes For Individual Health Insurance

It is also important to note that the Marketplace open enrollment period is limited to a specific time frame each year. Outside of this period, individuals can only enroll in or make changes to their coverage if they experience a qualifying life event, such as getting married, having a child, or losing other health coverage.

Overall, the Health Insurance Marketplace provides an accessible and transparent platform for individuals and small businesses to find and purchase health insurance. By offering a range of options and financial assistance programs, it aims to increase the affordability and accessibility of health insurance coverage.

Guide To Understanding Healthcare Policy Terms And Jargon

3. Medicaid

Overview of Medicaid program

Medicaid is a government program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals and families. It is jointly funded by the federal government and the states, with each state having some flexibility in determining eligibility criteria and program specifics. Medicaid is designed to ensure that individuals who may not be able to afford private health insurance still have access to necessary medical care.

Eligibility criteria for Medicaid

Eligibility for Medicaid is primarily based on income and other factors, such as family size, disability status, and age. The specific eligibility criteria can vary from state to state, but in general, individuals who fall below a certain income threshold are eligible for Medicaid coverage.

Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicaid was expanded in many states to cover individuals with incomes up to 138% of the federal poverty level. However, not all states have adopted this expansion, resulting in variations in eligibility across the country.

Types of services covered by Medicaid

Medicaid provides a broad range of healthcare services to eligible individuals. These services typically include preventive care, doctor visits, hospital stays, prescription medications, mental health services, and emergency care. The specifics of covered services may vary between states, but the program aims to ensure that beneficiaries have access to essential healthcare services.

In addition to basic healthcare services, Medicaid may also cover additional programs, such as long-term care services for individuals with disabilities or nursing home care for the elderly. These services are typically provided through Medicaid waivers or home- and community-based services programs.

Medicaid plays a vital role in providing healthcare coverage for vulnerable populations, including low-income adults, children, pregnant women, individuals with disabilities, and seniors. Its existence helps to bridge gaps in insurance coverage and ensure that those in need have access to necessary healthcare services.

4. Medicare

Explanation of Medicare program

Medicare is a federal health insurance program primarily designed for individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger individuals with disabilities or end-stage renal disease. It provides a range of healthcare benefits to help cover medical expenses, including hospital stays, doctor visits, prescription medications, and preventive services.

Medicare operates as a single-payer system, meaning it is administered by the federal government. It is funded through a combination of payroll taxes, premiums paid by enrollees, and general revenue. The program is divided into several parts, each covering different types of services.

Different parts of Medicare

Medicare is divided into four parts: Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D.

  • Medicare Part A covers inpatient hospital stays, skilled nursing facility care, hospice care, and some home health services. Most individuals who have paid Medicare taxes while working are eligible for Part A coverage without paying a premium.

  • Medicare Part B covers outpatient medical services, such as doctor visits, preventive care, and durable medical equipment. Part B requires the payment of a monthly premium, and beneficiaries can choose to opt out of this coverage if they wish.

  • Medicare Part C, also known as Medicare Advantage, offers an alternative way to receive Medicare benefits. These plans are offered by private insurance companies approved by Medicare and provide the same coverage as Parts A and B. Many Medicare Advantage plans also include additional benefits, such as prescription drug coverage or dental and vision care. Enrolling in a Medicare Advantage plan often involves making a choice between different insurance plans.

  • Medicare Part D provides prescription drug coverage. This coverage is offered through private insurance companies, and beneficiaries can choose standalone Part D plans to supplement their Original Medicare coverage or select a Medicare Advantage plan that includes prescription drug coverage.

Qualifications and enrollment process for Medicare

Most individuals become eligible for Medicare at age 65. To qualify, you generally need to have worked and paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years. If you are younger than 65, you may be eligible for Medicare if you have certain disabilities or end-stage renal disease.

Enrollment in Medicare typically occurs during the Initial Enrollment Period (IEP), which begins three months before your 65th birthday month and ends three months after. Failure to enroll during this period may result in late enrollment penalties or delays in coverage.

To enroll in Medicare, you can apply online through the Social Security Administration’s website, visit a local Social Security office, or call the Social Security Administration’s toll-free number. The enrollment process may require you to provide personal information, such as your Social Security number, proof of age and citizenship, and details about any current health coverage.

Understanding the different parts of Medicare and your eligibility requirements can help you make informed decisions about your healthcare coverage as you approach retirement age.

Guide To Understanding Healthcare Policy Terms And Jargon

5. Pre-existing conditions

Definition of pre-existing conditions

Pre-existing conditions refer to any medical condition or ailment that an individual has been diagnosed with, received treatment for, or had symptoms related to before obtaining health insurance coverage. These conditions can include a wide range of illnesses, such as diabetes, asthma, cancer, or mental health disorders.

How pre-existing conditions affect insurance coverage

Traditionally, individuals with pre-existing conditions have faced challenges in obtaining health insurance coverage. Insurance companies often considered individuals with pre-existing conditions to be high-risk and would either deny them coverage outright or charge them significantly higher premiums.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) introduced significant changes to the way pre-existing conditions are treated in the context of health insurance coverage. Under the ACA, insurance companies are prohibited from denying coverage or charging higher premiums based on pre-existing conditions. This provision, known as guaranteed issue, ensures that individuals cannot be discriminated against due to their health status.

Changes in pre-existing condition regulations under the ACA

Prior to the ACA, individuals with pre-existing conditions may have encountered difficulties securing health insurance coverage. Insurance companies could deny coverage or impose exclusion periods for treatment related to pre-existing conditions.

The ACA introduced several important changes to address these issues. First, insurance companies are now required to provide coverage to individuals with pre-existing conditions and cannot charge them higher premiums based on their health status. This provision ensures that individuals with ongoing medical needs or chronic conditions have access to health insurance coverage on a similar basis to those without pre-existing conditions.

Second, the ACA established the Pre-existing Condition Insurance Plan (PCIP) as a transitional program for individuals with pre-existing conditions who were unable to secure other coverage. The PCIP provided temporary insurance coverage until the insurance market reforms of the ACA were fully implemented.

Overall, the changes brought about by the ACA regarding pre-existing conditions aim to ensure that individuals have access to affordable health insurance coverage regardless of their health status. This provision has been widely supported by patient advocacy groups and has provided greater security and peace of mind for those with pre-existing conditions.

See also  How To Navigate Changes In Healthcare Policy

6. Essential Health Benefits

Explanation of essential health benefits

Essential Health Benefits (EHB) refers to a set of healthcare services and treatments that health insurance plans are required to cover under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). These benefits ensure that individuals have access to a minimum level of essential healthcare services, regardless of the specific plan or level of coverage they choose.

Types of services covered as essential health benefits

The ACA identifies ten categories of essential health benefits that are required to be included in all insurance plans sold in the individual and small group markets. These categories include:

  1. Ambulatory patient services: Outpatient care services, including visits to doctors or specialists and outpatient surgeries.
  2. Emergency services: Emergency medical care, including transportation, emergency room visits, and urgent care.
  3. Hospitalization: Inpatient hospital stays and related services.
  4. Maternity and newborn care: Prenatal and postnatal care, childbirth, and care for newborns.
  5. Mental health and substance use disorder services: Behavioral and mental health services, including counseling, therapy, and substance abuse treatment.
  6. Prescription drugs: Medications prescribed by healthcare providers.
  7. Rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices: Therapy and assistive devices to help individuals recover or manage conditions, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and prosthetics.
  8. Laboratory services: Testing and diagnostic services, such as blood tests and X-rays.
  9. Preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management: Routine preventive care, vaccinations, screenings, and management of chronic conditions.
  10. Pediatric services, including oral and vision care: Care for children, including dental and vision services.

While these categories outline the minimum requirements for coverage, specific details and limitations may vary between insurance plans. It is important for individuals to carefully review plan materials to understand the scope and extent of coverage for each essential health benefit.

Impact of essential health benefits on insurance plans

The inclusion of essential health benefits in insurance plans aims to ensure that individuals have access to necessary and appropriate healthcare services. These benefits provide a baseline level of coverage to protect individuals from high out-of-pocket costs and help prevent insurance plans from excluding necessary services.

However, the inclusion of essential health benefits can also contribute to the overall cost of insurance premiums. The required coverage may vary in scope and intensity between plans, leading to variations in costs. Additionally, some individuals may find that certain essential health benefits are not relevant to their health needs and may prefer more limited coverage options.

Understanding the essential health benefits and their impact on insurance plans can help individuals choose coverage that aligns with their specific healthcare needs and budget.

Guide To Understanding Healthcare Policy Terms And Jargon

7. Health savings account (HSA)

Definition of health savings account (HSA)

A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged savings account that individuals can use to save for qualified medical expenses. HSAs are designed to work in conjunction with high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) and offer individuals greater control over their healthcare spending.

Advantages and disadvantages of HSAs

HSAs offer several advantages to individuals who are eligible to open and contribute to these accounts. First, contributions to an HSA are tax-deductible, which can result in lower taxable income. Additionally, any funds deposited into the HSA grow tax-free, and withdrawals made for qualified medical expenses are also tax-free.

One of the key advantages of an HSA is the ability to carry over funds from year to year. Unlike flexible spending accounts (FSAs), which have a use-it-or-lose-it rule, HSA funds do not expire and can accumulate over time. This feature allows individuals to save for future healthcare expenses and build a financial safety net.

Another advantage of HSAs is the flexibility they provide in managing healthcare costs. Individuals can use HSA funds to pay for a wide range of qualified medical expenses, including prescription medications, doctor visits, dental care, and vision care. This flexibility allows individuals to prioritize their healthcare spending based on their specific needs and preferences.

However, there are also limitations and considerations associated with HSAs. First, not everyone is eligible to open and contribute to an HSA. To qualify, individuals must be enrolled in a high-deductible health plan (HDHP) and meet other eligibility criteria established by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

Additionally, HSAs have annual contribution limits set by the IRS. These limits can change from year to year, and exceeding them can result in penalties. Individuals should be mindful of these limits and ensure they are not contributing more than what is allowed.

Lastly, while HSAs offer tax advantages, they may not be suitable for everyone. Individuals with significant medical expenses or chronic conditions may find that the high deductible of a HDHP is not financially feasible. It is important to carefully evaluate personal health needs and financial circumstances before deciding to open an HSA.

How HSAs can be used to manage healthcare expenses

HSAs can be an effective tool for individuals to manage and save for healthcare expenses. By contributing to an HSA on a regular basis, individuals can build a reserve of funds specifically earmarked for qualified medical expenses.

HSAs are particularly useful for individuals who anticipate recurring medical expenses or require ongoing treatment. By contributing to an HSA, individuals can save pre-tax dollars while ensuring they have funds available to cover regular healthcare costs. This can provide a sense of financial security and peace of mind.

In addition to using HSA funds for current healthcare expenses, individuals can also leverage HSAs to save for future healthcare needs. By establishing an HSA and contributing to it over time, individuals can accumulate funds that can be used to cover medical expenses in retirement or for unexpected healthcare needs down the line.

Overall, HSAs offer individuals an opportunity to proactively manage their healthcare expenses and build financial resilience in the face of rising healthcare costs.

8. Premiums, Deductibles, and Copayments

Meaning of premiums, deductibles, and copayments

Premiums, deductibles, and copayments are key terms related to the costs associated with health insurance coverage.

  • Premiums: Premiums are the regular payments individuals make to their insurance company or employer to maintain their health insurance coverage. These payments are typically made on a monthly basis and contribute to the overall cost of the insurance plan.

  • Deductibles: The deductible is the amount that individuals must pay out of pocket before their insurance coverage kicks in. For example, if an individual has a $1,000 deductible, they are responsible for paying the first $1,000 of covered services before the insurance company begins to contribute. Deductibles are typically calculated on an annual basis.

  • Copayments: Copayments, or copays, refer to the fixed amounts individuals pay for specific healthcare services after meeting their deductible. For example, an insurance plan might require a $20 copayment for a doctor’s visit or a $10 copayment for a generic prescription medication.

How these costs affect healthcare expenses

Premiums, deductibles, and copayments all contribute to individuals’ overall healthcare expenses.

Premiums represent the ongoing costs of maintaining health insurance coverage. They are typically paid regardless of whether or not an individual seeks healthcare services. Premiums can vary based on factors such as the individual’s age, location, and the level of coverage selected.

See also  What Are The Current Trends In Healthcare Policy And Legislation For Individuals?

Deductibles and copayments, on the other hand, are directly tied to the utilization of healthcare services. Deductibles require individuals to pay a certain amount before insurance coverage begins, meaning individuals must cover the full cost of services until the deductible is met. Once the deductible is met, individuals are responsible only for copayments or coinsurance (a percentage of the costs) for covered services.

The costs associated with premiums, deductibles, and copayments can have a significant impact on individuals’ healthcare expenses. High premiums can strain budgets, while high deductibles can result in higher out-of-pocket costs for healthcare services. Additionally, copayments may be required for each visit or service, which can add up over time.

Strategies to manage and minimize these costs

There are several strategies individuals can employ to manage and minimize the costs associated with health insurance coverage.

  1. Comparison shopping: Researching and comparing different insurance plans can help individuals find more affordable options. By evaluating premiums, deductibles, copayments, and the overall cost structure of different plans, individuals can identify the most cost-effective options that meet their specific healthcare needs.

  2. Utilizing preventive services: Taking advantage of preventive services, such as annual check-ups, vaccinations, and screenings, can help individuals identify potential health issues early and potentially avoid costly treatments or interventions down the line.

  3. Contributing to health savings accounts (HSAs): HSAs allow individuals to set aside pre-tax dollars specifically for healthcare expenses. By contributing to an HSA on a regular basis, individuals can build a reserve of funds to help cover deductibles, copayments, and other qualified medical expenses.

  4. Utilizing preferred providers and pharmacies: Some insurance plans have networks of preferred providers and pharmacies that offer discounted rates or lower copayments for services. Utilizing these preferred providers can help individuals save on healthcare expenses.

  5. Seeking financial assistance: Depending on income levels and other circumstances, individuals may qualify for financial assistance programs that can help offset healthcare costs. These programs can include subsidies offered through the Health Insurance Marketplace, Medicaid, or state-specific assistance programs.

By exploring these strategies and understanding the costs associated with health insurance coverage, individuals can make informed decisions to manage and minimize their healthcare expenses.

9. Provider Networks

Explanation of provider networks

Provider networks refer to the group of doctors, hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare providers who have agreed to provide services to individuals covered under a specific health insurance plan. Insurance companies negotiate contracts and establish relationships with these providers to ensure their policyholders have access to appropriate medical care.

Different types of provider networks

There are several types of provider networks individuals may encounter when selecting a health insurance plan:

  1. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): HMOs typically require individuals to select a primary care physician (PCP) who serves as the main point of contact for all healthcare needs. Referrals from the PCP are usually required to see specialists or receive non-emergency care. Individuals are typically only covered when seeking services from providers within the HMO’s network, with few exceptions for out-of-network care.

  2. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): PPOs offer individuals more flexibility in choosing healthcare providers. While PPOs have a network of preferred providers, individuals can usually receive care from out-of-network providers as well, although at a higher cost. Individuals do not typically need a referral to see a specialist, and the plan may cover a portion of the costs for out-of-network care.

  3. Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO): EPOs are similar to HMOs in that individuals are typically required to select a primary care physician and seek care from providers within the network. However, EPOs do not require referrals to see specialists, which offers some flexibility in accessing specialized care without the need for a referral.

  4. Point of Service (POS): POS plans combine elements of HMO and PPO plans. Individuals typically select a primary care physician within the network, who manages their care and can provide referrals to specialists. Like a PPO, individuals can also seek care from out-of-network providers, although at a higher cost.

The specific rules and regulations regarding provider networks can vary between insurance plans and states. It is essential for individuals to review plan documents and understand the limitations and flexibility of each provider network before making a decision.

How provider networks impact access to healthcare services

The choice of provider network can significantly impact individuals’ access to healthcare services. In-network providers typically have contracted rates with insurance companies, which can result in lower out-of-pocket costs for individuals compared to out-of-network providers.

Individuals who choose plans with narrow networks or HMOs may have access to a more limited pool of healthcare providers. While this can help lower premiums, it may also restrict options for specialized care or providers preferred by individuals. Conversely, plans with broader networks or PPOs provide greater choice and flexibility in selecting healthcare providers, although at potentially higher costs.

Understanding the limitations and extent of provider networks is essential in ensuring individuals can access the healthcare providers and services that meet their specific needs. Evaluating provider networks alongside other factors, such as premiums, deductibles, and copayments, can help individuals make more informed decisions about their health insurance coverage.

10. Health Policy Advocacy

Role of health policy advocacy

Health policy advocacy plays a crucial role in shaping healthcare policies and improving the delivery and accessibility of healthcare services. Advocacy involves raising awareness about key healthcare issues, influencing lawmakers, and mobilizing communities to bring about meaningful change in healthcare policies.

Health policy advocates work to address various concerns in the healthcare system, such as improving access to affordable healthcare, promoting evidence-based practices, advancing public health initiatives, and protecting the rights of patients and vulnerable populations. Their efforts often focus on influencing legislation and policy decisions at local, state, and federal levels.

Prominent healthcare policy advocacy organizations

Several prominent organizations engage in health policy advocacy to advocate for better healthcare policies and services:

  1. American Medical Association (AMA): The AMA represents physicians and medical students and advocates for policies that promote professional satisfaction, support high-quality patient care, and improve public health.

  2. Families USA: Families USA is a national nonprofit organization that advocates for quality, affordable healthcare for all Americans. They focus on a range of healthcare issues, such as expanding coverage options, protecting Medicaid, and reducing healthcare disparities.

  3. National Association of Community Health Centers (NACHC): NACHC is an organization that advocates for federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), which provide healthcare services to underserved populations. Their advocacy focuses on expanding access to affordable healthcare and strengthening the FQHC system.

  4. American Heart Association (AHA): The AHA is a nonprofit organization that advocates for cardiovascular health and aims to reduce disability and death related to heart disease and stroke. They advocate for policies that support prevention, access to care, and medical research.

These organizations, among many others, work tirelessly to influence healthcare policies and improve the overall healthcare system. Through research, analysis, education, and grassroots mobilization, they play a critical role in shaping public opinion and influencing lawmakers to create positive change.

How individuals can advocate for changes in healthcare policies

Individuals can contribute to health policy advocacy efforts and have a voice in shaping healthcare policies. Here are some ways individuals can get involved:

  1. Stay informed: Educate yourself about current health policy issues and stay updated on proposed legislation, healthcare debates, and policy developments. Follow reputable news sources, join advocacy email lists, and engage with organizations working on healthcare policy issues.

  2. Contact lawmakers: Reach out to your elected representatives and express your views on healthcare policies that impact you or your community. Personal stories and anecdotes can be powerful tools in conveying the impact of policies on individuals’ lives.

  3. Join advocacy organizations: Join local or national organizations dedicated to healthcare policy advocacy. These organizations often provide resources, training, and opportunities to participate in advocacy campaigns and public awareness initiatives.

  4. Attend public hearings or town hall meetings: Participate in public hearings or town hall meetings that address healthcare policy issues. This provides an opportunity to share your perspective publicly, ask questions, and engage with policymakers directly.

  5. Mobilize your community: Engage with friends, family, and community members to raise awareness about healthcare policy issues and encourage others to get involved. Write letters to the editor, engage on social media, or organize community events to create a collective voice for change.

By actively engaging in health policy advocacy, individuals can contribute to shaping healthcare policies that reflect their values, promote equitable access to care, and lead to better health outcomes for all.